This storage server was removed
Storage-node register returned 410 This storage server was removed.
Why this happens
Admin permanently deleted the server while the node still has an old token/package. Distinct from This server is in trash (soft-deleted, restorable).
Diagnose and fix
1. Create/provision a new remote server and install a fresh package.
2. Do not reuse tokens from a purged server.
3. See Registration token expired — create a new storage server if the token is merely stale.
4. See Provision a remote storage server (token + package).